Evaluating Musculoskeletal Complications Among Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus

Dr. Simran Maheshwari; Dr. Subhan Quraishi; Dr. Babita Ghodke

Volume : II, Issue : V, May - 2013

Evaluating Musculoskeletal Complications Among Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus

Dr. Simran Maheshwari, Dr. Subhan Quraishi, Dr. Babita Ghodke

Abstract :

Human behaviour according to Behviour theorists is considered as an effect of immediate environment in particularly, an eliciting stimulus and a reinforcing stimuli. After presenting the reinforcement, if response appears at the same moment, we say �it is contingent.� �Contingency management is the systematic control of reinforcing stimuli such that it is presented as selected times and only after the desired response has been given. The person must be well known about desirable responses as well as undesirable responses if they utilize contingency management programme. They also consider the eliciting stimuli carefully maladoptive responses. For the sake of minimizing undesirable cues, conducive environment must be created. Cues helping desirable behaviours must be increased. Teacher are aware that play stimuli can be distracting to some students while they are completing work oriented tasks, so they remove those stimuli from the immediate surroundings. Students who need more attention are instructed in smaller group with the help of positive cues. Contingency management is rooted in operant principle that behaviour is affected by the consequences that follow. According to David Rimon and John C, �For an operator contingent relationship to be established, reinforcing consequences must follow. If a behviour is not reinforced, it will become extinct. A reinforce them is a consequence that increases the probability of a particular response. Desirable response can be strengthened through both positive and negative reinforcements. A reinforcement is positive if its addition to the environment , such as a smile, a hug or a deadline, produces the adaptive responses. A reinforcement is negative if its removal from the situation following a response produces the desirable behaviour. Yelling threatening and nagging are examples of negative �reinforces. They do work. After a while most of us will respond to requests if only to stop these aversive stimuli. The problem with negative reinforces or punishment is that he effects are less predictable than those of positive reinforcement. While they might produce impressive changes at the beginning, the side effects are often undesirable such as hating school, disliking the punisher , or developing a poor self concept. Programs based on behaviour theory emphasize positive reinforcement specifically discouraging the use of negative or aversive stimuli except in rare instances.� contingency Management Model includes the following phases : Phase one : Spacifying a final performance Phase Two: Assessing the Behaviour Phase Three: Formulating the contingency Phase Four: Instituting the Program Phase Five : Evaluating the Program The application of this model of teaching are :making programme instruction ,making individual modification programme ,prep� environmental design,informal use of reinforcement principles for classroom management,developing self control programme ,maintaining good contingency management programmes,developing academic skills