Evaluating Musculoskeletal Complications Among Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus

Dr. Simran Maheshwari; Dr. Subhan Quraishi; Dr. Babita Ghodke

Volume : I, Issue : V, October - 2012

Evaluating Musculoskeletal Complications Among Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus

Dr. Simran Maheshwari, Dr. Subhan Quraishi, Dr. Babita Ghodke

Abstract :

Ethnocentrism is a nearly universal syndrome of attitudes and behaviors. Behaviors associated with ethnocentrism include cooperation with members of the in–group, but not out–groups. We show that ethnocentric behavior can emerge from a simple evolutionary model of local competition between individuals. Our agent based model treats interactions as one–move Prisoner�s Dilemmas, and the inheritance of strategies as genetic, cultural, or (most plausibly) both. Results from the model demonstrate that ethnocentric behavior can evolve even when direct reciprocity is impossible, opportunities for �cheating� exist, and agents have minimal cognitive ability. When cooperating is relatively costly, ethnocentric behavior can even be necessary to sustain cooperation.